Solver Gallery

898 solvers across 132 modalities — from classical to foundation models

Tier:

Modality:

330

Traditional / CPU

413

Famous DL

155

Best Quality

Traditional / CPU

Classical & Optimization Methods

(330 solvers)

Run on CPU with zero training. Classical inverse-problem solvers, variational methods, PnP denoisers, and compressed sensing.

Solver	Type	Params	Modalities	Reference
AC-OSEM H-aware	Classical	0	spect_ct	CT-based attenuation correction
ADI H-aware	Classical	0	coronagraphy	Marois et al., ApJ 2006
AIDE	Variational	0	elastography	Oliphant et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 2001
AIRI H-aware	PnP	0	astronomy radio_astronomy radio_interferometry	Terris et al., MNRAS 2022
ALOHA H-aware	Low-Rank	0	mri	Jin et al., IEEE TMI 2016
Alternating Projections H-aware	Classical	0	fpm	Zheng et al., Nat. Photonics 2013
AM-CEUS	Classical	0	ceus	Mor-Avi et al., JACC 2002
ANDROMEDA H-aware	Statistical	0	coronagraphy	Cantalloube et al., A&A 2015
APAP H-aware	Classical	0	panorama	Zaragoza et al., CVPR 2013
ART H-aware	Classical	0	computational	Gordon et al., J. Theor. Biol. 1970
ART-TV H-aware	Variational	0	ct	Li et al., Med. Phys. 2004
B-spline FFD H-aware	Classical	0	us_mri	Rueckert et al., IEEE TMI 1999
Backus-Gilbert H-aware	Classical	0	passive_microwave	Backus & Gilbert, Geophys. J. 1968
Bas-Protocol H-aware	Classical	0	atom_probe	Bas et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 87-88:298, 1995
Baseline Correction H-aware	Classical	0	spectroscopy	Polynomial fitting baseline
Bayesian CS H-aware	PnP	0	quantum	Bayesian compressed sensing
BayesWave H-aware	PnP	0	gravitational_wave	Cornish & Littenberg, CQG 2015
BDI H-aware	PnP	0	lucky_imaging	Law et al., ApJ 2006
Belief Propagation H-aware	Classical	0	depth_imaging	Pearl, Probabilistic Reasoning 1988
Bilateral Filter H-aware	Classical	0	lidar	Tomasi & Manduchi, ICCV 1998
BM3D-CLE	Classical	0	confocal_endomicroscopy	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007
BM3D-CT H-aware	PnP	0	ct	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007; Chen 2014
BM3D-Deblur H-aware	PnP	0	coded_exposure	Danielyan et al., IEEE TIP 2012
BM3D-DF	Classical	0	dark_field	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007 (DF adapt.)
BM3D-Endo	Classical	0	endoscopy	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007
BM3D-FIB	Classical	0	fib_sem	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007
BM3D-Fluoro	Classical	0	fluoroscopy	Dabov et al., IEEE TIP 2007
BM3D-MRI H-aware	PnP	0	mri	Eksioglu, Comput. Math. Meth. Med. 2016
BM4D H-aware	PnP	0	clinical_optics	Maggioni et al., IEEE TIP 2013
BML-Sep	Classical	0	dexa	Lehmann et al., Med. Phys. 1981
Born-ADMM H-aware	PnP	0	odt	Lim et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2015
Born-Approx	Classical	0	dot	Arridge, Inverse Probl. 1999
BTR H-aware	Classical	0	scanning_probe	Villarrubia, JRNIST 1997
Calibration-Lookup H-aware	Classical	0	scientific_instrumentation	Look-up table calibration
CF-Doppler	Classical	0	doppler_ultrasound	Evans & McDicken, Doppler Ultrasound 2000
CGLS H-aware	Classical	0	ct	Bjorck, SIAM 1996
CHARMED	Statistical	0	diffusion_mri	Assaf & Basser, NeuroImage 2005
Chirp Scaling H-aware	Classical	0	remote_sensing	Raney et al., IEEE TGRS 1994
CLAHE-Endo	Classical	0	endoscopy	Zuiderveld, Graphics Gems IV 1994
CLEAN H-aware	Classical	0	astronomy radio_astronomy radio_interferometry	Hogbom, A&AS 1974
CLEAN-AP H-aware	Classical	0	weather_radar	Torres & Zrnic, IEEE TGRS 1999
CLEAN-VLBI	Classical	0	eht_imaging	Hogbom, A&AS 1974
CNMF H-aware	Classical	0	hyperspectral_remote	Yokoya et al., IEEE TGRS 2012
Coates-Hist	Classical	0	flash_lidar	Coates, J. Phys. E 1968
Coincidence-Count	Classical	0	entangled_photon	Pittman et al., Phys. Rev. A 1995
COLMAP+MVS	Classical	0	neural_rendering	Schonberger & Frahm, CVPR 2016
Complementary	Classical	0	event_camera	Scheerlinck et al., RA-L 2018
Cotton-Schwab H-aware	Classical	0	astronomy	Cotton & Schwab, ApJ 1983
Cross-Correlation	Classical	0	clem	Thévenaz et al., IEEE TIP 1998
cryoSPARC H-aware	Classical	0	cryo_em electron_microscopy	Punjani et al., Nat. Methods 2017
CrystFEL H-aware	Classical	0	xfel_sfx	White et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 2012
CS-ET	Compressed Sensing	0	electron_tomography	Leary et al., Ultramicroscopy 2013
CS-Ghost	Compressed Sensing	0	entangled_photon	Katz et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009
CS-TVAL3 H-aware	PnP	0	quantum	Li et al., 2014
CTFFIND4	Classical	0	cryo_em	Rohou & Grigorieff, J. Struct. Biol. 2015
DAOSTORM	Classical	0	dna_paint	Holden et al., Nat. Methods 2011
DAS H-aware	Classical	0	medical_ultrasound sonar	Van Trees, Array Processing, 2002
DAS-CF H-aware	Classical	0	medical_ultrasound	Capon filter, IEEE 1969
Deconv H-aware	Classical	0	scientific_instrumentation	Analytical baseline
Deconv-Exp	Classical	0	expansion	Chen et al., Science 2015
DeepDeWedge H-aware	Self-Supervised	12M	cryo_et	Wiedemann et al., Nat. Methods 2024
Demons H-aware	Classical	0	us_mri	Thirion, Med. Image Anal. 1998
DeSCI H-aware	PnP	0	cacti	Liu et al., PAMI 2018
DeSCI-CUP H-aware	PnP	8M	cup	Liu et al., IEEE TPAMI 2018 (CUP adapt.)
DI-EBSD	Classical	0	ebsd	Chen et al., Ultramicroscopy 2015
DI-Elasto	Variational	0	elastography	Van Houten et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 2001
DIC-Deconv	Classical	0	dic	Preza et al., JOSA A 1999
Direct Methods H-aware	Classical	0	electron_microscopy	Analytical baseline
Direct-Methods	Classical	0	electron_diffraction	Hauptman & Karle, Nobel Prize 1985
DLCT H-aware	Dictionary Learning	0	ct	Xu et al., IEEE TMI 2012
DPC-ADMM H-aware	PnP	0	phase_contrast	Tian & Waller, BOE 2015
Drizzle H-aware	Classical	0	lucky_imaging	Fruchter & Hook, PASP 2002
DROP-TVS H-aware	PnP	0	proton_radiography	Penfold et al., Med. Phys. 2010
DTI-FIT	Classical	0	diffusion_mri	Behrens et al., MRM 2003
EC-Deconv	Classical	0	eddy_current	Bowler, J. Appl. Phys. 1994
eht-imaging H-aware	Variational	0	eht_imaging	Chael et al., ApJ 2018
EMC H-aware	Classical	0	xfel_sfx	Loh & Elser, Phys. Rev. E 2009
ePIE H-aware	Classical	0	ptychography	Maiden & Rodenburg, Ultramicroscopy 2009
Error Reduction H-aware	Classical	0	coherent	Fienup, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1982
ESPIRiT H-aware	Compressed Sensing	1e-3	mri	Uecker et al., MRM 2014
Event-Integration	Classical	0	event_camera	Mead & Mahowald, Analog VLSI 1989
FALCON H-aware	PnP	0	palm_storm	Min et al., Sci. Rep. 2014
FBP	Classical	0	ct medical xray_ndt	Kak & Slaney, IEEE Press 1988
FBP-DBT	Classical	0	digital_breast_tomo	Sechopoulos, Med. Phys. 2013
FBP-DEXA	Classical	0	dexa	Mazess et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990
FBP-MLP H-aware	Classical	0	proton_radiography	Schulte et al., Med. Phys. 2008
FBP-PET H-aware	Classical	0	particle_imaging	Analytical baseline
FBP-XRF	Classical	0	ct_fluorescence	Boisseau & Grodzins, Hyperfine Int. 1987
FDK H-aware	Classical	0	angiography brachytherapy_img cbct industrial_ct	Feldkamp et al., JOSA A 1(6):612, 1984
FEM-DOT H-aware	Classical	0	dot	Schweiger et al., J. Biomed. Opt. 2005
FF-SFG H-aware	Classical	0	quantum_illumination	Zhuang et al., PRL 2017
FFT-Holo	Classical	0	electron_holography	Lehmann & Lichte, Microsc. Microanal. 2002
FFT-OCT H-aware	Classical	0	clinical_optics	Analytical baseline
FISTA-TV H-aware	Classical	0	compressive spc_block spc_kronecker	InverseNet
FP-Quantify H-aware	Classical	0	xrf_imaging	Sole et al., Spectrochim. Acta B 2007
Fried Estimator H-aware	Classical	0	adaptive_optics	Fried, JOSA 1977
G(2)-Corr H-aware	Classical	0	quantum	Pittman et al., PRA 1995
GAP-TV H-aware	Classical	0	cassi compressive	InverseNet
GAP-TV H-aware	Variational	0	cacti cup	Yuan, IEEE TCI 2016
GARFIELD++ H-aware	Classical	0	particle_calorimetry	Veenhof, Nucl. Instr. Meth. 1998
Gauss-Newton H-aware	Classical	0	impedance_tomo	Cheney et al., SIAM Rev. 1999
Gerchberg-Saxton H-aware	Classical	0	coherent	Gerchberg & Saxton, Optik 1972
Goldstein MCF H-aware	Classical	0	shearography	Goldstein et al., Radio Sci. 1988
Goldstein-MCF H-aware	Classical	0	insar	Goldstein et al., Radio Sci. 1988
Gordon AC H-aware	Classical	0	ocean_color	Gordon & Wang, Appl. Opt. 1994
Gradient Descent FPM H-aware	Classical	0	fpm	Tian & Waller, Optica 2015
Graph Cuts H-aware	Classical	0	depth_imaging	Boykov et al., IJCV 2001
GRAPPA H-aware	Classical	0	mri	Griswold et al., MRM 2002
Gray Code H-aware	Classical	0	structured_light	Inokuchi et al., Appl. Opt. 1984
GS/HIO H-aware	Classical	0	coherent	Fienup, Appl. Opt. 1982
Guided Reconstruction H-aware	PnP	0	multi_modal_fusion	Structural guidance from auxiliary modality
Histogram-Eq	Classical	0	endoscopy	Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing 2002
Hough-EBSD	Classical	0	ebsd	Krieger Lassen, J. Microsc. 1994
ICA-EELS	Statistical	0	eels	Bosman et al., Ultramicroscopy 2006
Image Registration H-aware	Classical	0	multi_modal_fusion	Rigid/deformable registration baseline
IMOD H-aware	Classical	0	cryo_et	Kremer et al., J. Struct. Biol. 1996
InSAR-BM3D H-aware	PnP	0	insar	Deledalle et al., IEEE TIP 2015
IRCNN-Confocal	PnP	7M	confocal_3d	Zhang et al., CVPR 2017
k-t SPARSE-SENSE H-aware	Compressed Sensing	1e-3	mri	Lustig et al., MRM 2006
Kirchhoff Migration H-aware	Classical	0	gpr	Stolt, Geophysics 1978
KK-Retrieval	Classical	0	cars	Liu et al., Opt. Express 2009
KLIP H-aware	Classical	0	coronagraphy	Soummer et al., ApJ 2012
L-BFGS FWI H-aware	Classical	0	fwi	Virieux & Operto, Geophysics 2009
L1-Wavelet H-aware	Compressed Sensing	1e-3	mri	Lustig et al., MRM 2007
L1-Wavelet (ESPIRiT) H-aware	Compressed Sensing	0	asl_mri	Lustig et al., MRM 2007; Uecker et al., MRM 2014
Landmark-Reg	Classical	0	clem	Arganda-Carreras et al., Bioinformatics 2006
Laplacian Pyramid H-aware	Classical	0	computational_photography	Burt & Adelson, TPAMI 1983
Le Bail Fit H-aware	Classical	0	neutron_diffraction	Le Bail et al., Mater. Res. Bull. 1988
Lee Filter H-aware	PnP	0	remote_sensing	Lee, IEEE TGRS 1980
LFE-Elasto	Classical	0	elastography	Manduca et al., Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001
LOCI H-aware	Classical	0	coronagraphy	Lafrenière et al., ApJ 2007
LORAKS H-aware	Compressed Sensing	1e-4	mri	Haldar, IEEE TMI 2014
Lorentzian-Fit	Classical	0	brillouin cest_mri	Dil, Rep. Prog. Phys. 1982
LS Normal Est. H-aware	Classical	0	photometric_stereo	Woodham, Opt. Eng. 1980
LSQR H-aware	Classical	0	computational	Paige & Saunders, TOMS 1982
Lucy-Richardson H-aware	Classical	0	computational_photography	Lucy, AJ 1974
MANTIS H-aware	Classical	0	mr_fingerprinting	Cohen et al., MRM 2018
MAP-OSEM H-aware	PnP	0	spect_ct	Nuyts et al., 2002
MAPEM-RDP H-aware	PnP	0	particle_imaging	Nuyts et al., IEEE TMI 2002
Matched Filter H-aware	Classical	0	experimental_science gravitational_wave remote_sensing	Allen et al., Phys. Rev. D 2012
MBLL H-aware	Classical	0	nirs_brain	Cope & Delpy, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1988
MCR-ALS H-aware	Classical	0	pump_probe	Tauler, Chemom. Intell. Lab. 1995
McSAS H-aware	Classical	0	saxs	Bressler et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 2015
MEM H-aware	Classical	0	astronomy	Gull & Daniell, Nature 1978
MEM-CARS	Classical	0	cars	Rinia et al., J. Raman Spectrosc. 2008
MEM-VLBI	Variational	0	eht_imaging	Narayan & Nityananda, ARA&A 1986
MicroED	Classical	0	electron_diffraction	Shi et al., eLife 2013
ML-EM H-aware	Classical	0	particle_imaging	Shepp & Vardi, IEEE TPAMI 1982
MLAA H-aware	Classical	0	multi_modal_fusion	Rezaei et al., IEEE TMI 2012
MLE Localization H-aware	Classical	0	minflux	Balzarotti et al., Science 2017
MLE Reconstruction H-aware	Classical	0	scanning_probe	Classical statistical method
MLE-FLIM	Statistical	0	flim	Grinvald & Steinberg, Anal. Biochem. 1974
MLE-SPAD	Classical	0	flash_lidar	Kirmani et al., Science 2014
MLEM-XRF H-aware	Classical	0	ct_fluorescence	Jaszczak et al., IEEE TNS 1981 (XRF adapt.)
MLS-EDX	Classical	0	edx_mapping	Statham, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995
MLS-EELS	Statistical	0	eels	Verbeeck & Van Aert, Ultramicroscopy 2004
Molecular Replacement H-aware	Classical	0	xray_crystallography	McCoy et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 2007
MR-Guided H-aware	PnP	0	multi_modal_fusion	Ehrhardt et al., SIIS 2015
MSI-Hotelling	Classical	0	desi	Deininger et al., Proteomics 2011
MSI-NMF	Classical	0	desi	Blanco et al., Anal. Chem. 2013
MSI-PCA	Classical	0	desi	Alexandrov et al., J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol. 2010
MSI-TV	Variational	0	desi	Fonville et al., Bioinformatics 2012
MTR-asym	Classical	0	cest_mri	Zhou et al., Nat. Med. 2003
MUMM H-aware	Classical	0	ocean_color	Ruddick et al., RSE 2000
MUSIC-EC	Classical	0	eddy_current	Skarlatos et al., NDT&E Int. 2012
MV-Doppler	Variational	0	doppler_ultrasound	Langeland et al., IEEE TUFFC 2003
MVDR/Capon H-aware	Classical	0	sonar	Capon, Proc. IEEE 1969
N2V-EDX	Self-Supervised	8M	edx_mapping	Krull et al., NeurIPS 2019
N2V-EELS	Self-Supervised	8M	eels	Krull et al., NeurIPS 2019
N2V-FIB	Self-Supervised	8M	fib_sem	Krull et al., NeurIPS 2019
NL-Means-LiDAR	Classical	0	flash_lidar	Rapp & Goyal, IEEE TCI 2017
NLM-FIB	Classical	0	fib_sem	Buades et al., CVPR 2005
NLM-Fluorescence	Classical	0	confocal_livecell	Buades et al., CVPR 2005
NLM-Fluoro	Classical	0	fluoroscopy	Buades et al., CVPR 2005
NLM-OCT H-aware	PnP	0	clinical_optics	Buades et al., Multiscale Model. Simul. 2005
NLM-Speckle	Classical	0	confocal_endomicroscopy	Buades et al., CVPR 2005
NMF-EDX	Statistical	0	edx_mapping	Nicoletti et al., Nature 2013
Noise2Self	Self-Supervised	7M	confocal_livecell	Batson & Royer, ICML 2019
Noise2Void	Self-Supervised	7M	confocal_3d confocal_livecell	Krull et al., CVPR 2019
Noise2Void-DF	Self-Supervised	8M	dark_field	Krull et al., CVPR 2019 (DF)
OPA Receiver H-aware	Classical	0	quantum_illumination	Guha & Erkmen, PRA 2009
OS-EM H-aware	Classical	0	particle_imaging	Hudson & Larkin, IEEE TMI 1994
OSEM H-aware	Classical	0	ct particle_imaging spect_ct	Hudson & Larkin, IEEE TMI 1994
PALM	Classical	0	dna_paint	Betzig et al., Science 2006
PandoraPFA H-aware	Classical	0	particle_calorimetry	Thomson, JINST 2009
PCA Retrieval H-aware	Classical	0	talbot_lau	Zanette et al., PMB 2012
PCA-ADI H-aware	Classical	0	coronagraphy	Amara & Quanz, MNRAS 2012
PCT H-aware	Classical	0	active_thermography	Maldague & Marinetti, J. Appl. Phys. 1996
Peak Fitting H-aware	Classical	0	scientific_instrumentation	Gaussian peak fitting
PEDT	Classical	0	electron_diffraction	Kolb et al., Ultramicroscopy 2007
Phase Shifting H-aware	Classical	0	structured_light	Srinivasan et al., Appl. Opt. 1984
Phase Stepping H-aware	Classical	0	talbot_lau	Weitkamp et al., Opt. Express 2005
Phase Unwrap H-aware	Classical	0	tof_camera	Bamji et al., IEEE SSC 2015
Phase-DLSIM	Classical	0	dic	Stephens & Allen, J. Biomed. Opt. 2003
Phasor-FLIM	Classical	0	flim	Digman et al., Biophys. J. 2008
Photogrammetry	Classical	0	neural_rendering	Structure-from-Motion baseline
Photon Counting H-aware	Classical	0	quantum	Classical baseline
Pixon H-aware	PnP	0	solar_imaging	Pina & Puetter, PASP 1993
Plane Fit H-aware	Classical	0	afm	Nečas & Klapetek, Open Physics 2012
PN2V	Self-Supervised	8M	confocal_livecell	Krull et al., ECCV 2020
PnP-ADMM H-aware	PnP	0	acoustic_emission acoustic_microscopy active_thermography afm angiography +15 more	Venkatakrishnan et al., GlobalSIP 2013
PnP-ADMM (BLT) H-aware	PnP	0	bioluminescence_tomo	Venkatakrishnan et al., IEEE GlobalSIP 2013
PnP-ADMM (WF) H-aware	PnP	0	adaptive_optics	Venkatakrishnan et al., 2013
PnP-BM3D H-aware	PnP	0	fundus scientific_instrumentation xrf_imaging	Danielyan et al., 2012
PnP-BM3D (APT) H-aware	PnP	0	atom_probe	Danielyan et al., IEEE TIP 21(9):3884, 2012
PnP-DIC	PnP	10M	dic	Kamilov et al., Optica 2017 (DIC)
PnP-DnCNN H-aware	PnP	0	asl_mri cacti medical microscopy mri +1 more	Ahmad et al., IEEE TCI 2019 (DOI:10.1109/TCI.2019.2944521)
PnP-DnCNN-Pro H-aware	PnP	0	mri	PnP-DnCNN-Pro IEEE TMI 2025 (DOI:10.1109/TMI.2025.3441240) — multi-scale DnCNN denoiser + adaptive mu/sigma schedule + SIREN INR output head + joint LPIPS+SSIM denoiser training + dynamic PnP regularization scheduling
PnP-DOT H-aware	PnP	0	nirs_brain	Yoo et al., IEEE TMI 2020
PnP-DRUNet H-aware	PnP	0	spc_block spc_kronecker	InverseNet
PnP-DXA	PnP	10M	dexa	Venkatakrishnan et al., 2013 (DEXA adapt.)
PnP-FastDVDnet H-aware	PnP	15M	cup	Tassano et al., CVPR 2020 (CUP)
PnP-FFDNet H-aware	PnP	0	compressive computational_photography ultrafast	Zhang et al., IEEE TPAMI 2020
PnP-FISTA H-aware	PnP	0	microscopy	Bai et al., 2020
PnP-HSICNN H-aware	PnP	0	cassi	InverseNet
PnP-LF H-aware	PnP	0	integral light_field	PnP-ADMM with LF prior
PnP-LTTR H-aware	PnP	0	hyperspectral_remote	He et al., IEEE TGRS 2020
PnP-NLM H-aware	PnP	0	scientific_instrumentation	Non-local means filter
PnP-Phase H-aware	PnP	0	shearography	PnP with phase unwrapping prior
PnP-RED H-aware	PnP	0	computational experimental_science	Romano et al., IEEE TIP 2017
PnP-SIM H-aware	PnP	0	sim	PnP with SIM forward model
PnP-SPIRAL H-aware	PnP	0	terahertz	Harmany et al., IEEE TCI 2012
PnP-ToF H-aware	PnP	0	tof_camera	PnP with depth prior for ToF
PnP-TV H-aware	PnP	0	depth_imaging industrial_inspection medical_ultrasound	TV regularization for ultrasound
PnP-XRF H-aware	PnP	12M	ct_fluorescence	Chan et al., IEEE TIP 2016 (XRF adapt.)
PowerLaw-EELS	Classical	0	eels	Egerton, EELS in the EM, Springer 2011
Pulse-Inversion	Classical	0	ceus	Simpson et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol. 1999
Pulse-Pair Doppler H-aware	Classical	0	weather_radar	Zrnic, IEEE TAES 1977
PW-DAS H-aware	Classical	0	medical_ultrasound	Plane wave synthesis baseline
PyFAI-Integrate H-aware	Classical	0	saxs waxs	Ashiotis et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 2015
Range-Doppler H-aware	Classical	0	remote_sensing	SAR signal processing baseline
Reg-Deconv H-aware	PnP	0	scanning_probe	Dongmo et al., 2000
RELION 1.0 H-aware	Classical	0	electron_microscopy	Scheres, J. Struct. Biol. 2012
RELION 3.0 H-aware	Classical	0	electron_microscopy	Zivanov et al., eLife 2018
RELION-3D H-aware	Classical	0	cryo_em	Scheres, J. Struct. Biol. 2012
RESOLVE	Statistical	0	eht_imaging	Junklewitz et al., A&A 2016
Richardson-Lucy H-aware	Classical	0	cathodoluminescence confocal_3d dark_field fundus microscopy +1 more	Richardson 1972 / Lucy 1974
Rietveld-GSAS H-aware	Classical	0	neutron_diffraction	Rietveld, J. Appl. Cryst. 1969
Rietveld-WAXS H-aware	Classical	0	waxs	Rietveld, J. Appl. Cryst. 1969
RL-ExM	Classical	0	expansion	Richardson, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1972
RLD-FLIM	Classical	0	flim	Ballew & Demas, Anal. Chem. 1989
Robust PCA H-aware	Classical	0	photometric_stereo	Wu et al., ECCV 2010
RTM H-aware	Classical	0	gpr	Baysal et al., Geophysics 1983
SAFT H-aware	Classical	0	acoustic_microscopy ultrasonic_phased_array	Schickert et al., NDT&E Int. 36:339, 2003
SAR-BM3D H-aware	PnP	0	remote_sensing	Parrilli et al., IEEE TGRS 2012
SART H-aware	Classical	0	ct	Andersen & Kak, Ultrason. Imaging 1984
SART-DBT H-aware	Classical	0	digital_breast_tomo	Andersen & Kak, Ultrason. Imaging 1984
SART-ET H-aware	Classical	0	cryo_et	Andersen & Kak, Ultrason. Imaging 1984
sDR H-aware	Classical	0	ptychography	Wen et al., J. Opt. 2019
Self-Sup AFM H-aware	Self-Supervised	4M	afm	Self-supervised tip artifact deconvolution, 2023
Self-Sup Deconv H-aware	Self-Supervised	3M	acoustic_microscopy	He et al., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 73, 2024
SENSE H-aware	Classical	0	mri	Pruessmann et al., MRM 1999
SG-ALS H-aware	Classical	0	spectroscopy	Savitzky-Golay + ALS baseline
SG-Baseline	Classical	0	brillouin	Savitzky & Golay, Anal. Chem. 1964
SGM H-aware	Classical	0	depth_imaging	Hirschmuller, TPAMI 2007
SHELXD H-aware	Classical	0	xray_crystallography	Sheldrick, Acta Cryst. D 2010
Shift-and-Add H-aware	Classical	0	integral lucky_imaging	Fried, JOSA 1966
Shift-and-Sum H-aware	Classical	0	light_field	Ng et al., Stanford Tech Report 2005
SHORE	Classical	0	diffusion_mri	Merlet & Deriche, MRM 2013
SIFT-RANSAC H-aware	Classical	0	panorama	Lowe, IJCV 2004
SIRT-ET	Classical	0	electron_tomography	Gilbert, J. Theor. Biol. 1972
SMILI H-aware	Compressed Sensing	0	eht_imaging	Akiyama et al., ApJ 2017
SPARCOM H-aware	PnP	0	minflux	Solomon et al., SIAM J. Imaging Sci. 2019
Sparse TR (L1) H-aware	Compressed Sensing	0	acoustic_emission	Gao et al., J. Sound Vib. 2016
Speckle-Lee H-aware	Classical	0	clinical_optics	Lee, IEEE TGRS 1980
STORM-2D	Classical	0	dna_paint	Rust et al., Nat. Methods 2006
SVD H-aware	Classical	0	spectroscopy	Singular Value Decomposition
SVD-Ghost	Statistical	0	entangled_photon	Gong et al., Sci. Rep. 2010
SVD-GlobFit H-aware	Classical	0	pump_probe	van Stokkum et al., BBA 2004
SVD-MRF H-aware	Classical	0	mr_fingerprinting	Ma et al., Nature 2013
TDOA-WLS H-aware	Classical	0	acoustic_emission	Kundu, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2014
Template Match H-aware	Classical	0	machine_vision	Brunelli, Template Matching, 2009
Temporal Filtering H-aware	Classical	0	ultrafast	Analytical baseline
TFM H-aware	Classical	0	ultrasonic_phased_array	Holmes et al., NDT&E Int. 2005
Thermography-FT H-aware	Classical	0	industrial_inspection	Fourier analysis baseline
ThunderSTORM H-aware	Classical	0	palm_storm	Ovesny et al., Bioinformatics 2014
TIE Solver H-aware	Classical	0	phase_contrast	Teague, JOSA 1983
Tikhonov H-aware	Classical	0	computational experimental_science	Tikhonov, Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 1963
Tikhonov-BLT H-aware	Classical	0	bioluminescence_tomo	Lv et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 51:1479, 2006
Tikhonov-DOT H-aware	Classical	0	nirs_brain	Arridge, Inverse Probl. 1999
Tikhonov-PR H-aware	Classical	0	bioluminescence_tomo	Han et al., Opt. Express 14(8):3673, 2006
Tikhonov-SMOS H-aware	Classical	0	passive_microwave	Anterrieu, IEEE TGRS 2004
Tikhonov-Trajectory H-aware	Classical	0	atom_probe	Geiser et al., Microsc. Microanal. 13(6):437, 2007
Time-Reversal Imaging H-aware	Classical	0	acoustic_emission	Fink, IEEE UFFC 1992; applied to AE: Grosse & Ohtsu 2008
TSR H-aware	Classical	0	active_thermography industrial_inspection	Shepard, Thermosense 2001; Shepard et al., Opt. Eng. 2003
TV-ADMM H-aware	Variational	0	brachytherapy_img cbct ct	Sidky & Pan, Phys. Med. Biol. 2008
TV-ADMM H-aware	PnP	0	impedance_tomo	Borsic et al., Physiol. Meas. 2010
TV-ADMM H-aware	Classical	0	medical	Sidky et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 2008
TV-CS H-aware	Classical	0	angiography	Rudin et al., Physica D 60:259, 1992; Sidky et al., PMB 2008
TV-CUP H-aware	Variational	0	cup	Gao et al., Nature 2014
TV-DBT	Variational	0	digital_breast_tomo	Sidky et al., Med. Phys. 2014
TV-Deconv H-aware	Variational	0	coded_exposure	Rudin et al., Physica D 1992
TV-Deconvolution H-aware	Classical	0	microscopy	Rudin et al., Phys. A 1992
TV-Deconvolution H-aware	PnP	0	scanning_probe	TV regularization for SPM
TV-Denoising H-aware	Classical	0	clinical_optics	Rudin et al., Phys. A 1992
TV-DEXA	Variational	0	dexa	Sidky & Pan, Phys. Med. Biol. 2008 (DEXA)
TV-DF	Variational	0	dark_field	Rudin et al., Physica D 1992 (DF)
TV-DIC	Variational	0	dic	Bostan et al., IEEE TIP 2014
TV-DOT	Variational	0	dot	Borsic et al., IEEE TMI 2010
TV-EBSD	Variational	0	ebsd	Wilkinson et al., Mater. Charact. 2006
TV-EC	Variational	0	eddy_current	Sabbagh et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 2010
TV-EDX	Variational	0	edx_mapping	Saghi et al., Ultramicroscopy 2011
TV-ExM	Variational	0	expansion	Rudin et al., Physica D 1992
TV-FIB	Variational	0	fib_sem	Rudin et al., Physica D 1992
TV-Fluoro	Variational	0	fluoroscopy	Sidky & Pan, Phys. Med. Biol. 2008
TV-Phase	Variational	0	electron_holography	Beleggia et al., Ultramicroscopy 2004
TV-Reg FWI H-aware	Classical	0	fwi	Esser et al., Geophysics 2018
TV-XRFCT H-aware	Variational	0	ct_fluorescence	Larsson et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 2020
TVAL3 H-aware	Classical	0	compressive	Li et al., SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 2009
TwIST H-aware	Classical	0	ultrafast	Bioucas-Dias & Figueiredo, IEEE TIP 2007
TwIST-CUP H-aware	Variational	0	cup	Bioucas-Dias & Figueiredo, IEEE TIP 2007 (CUP)
Universal Back-Proj H-aware	Classical	0	photoacoustic	Xu & Wang, Phys. Rev. E 2005
VENC-Flow	Classical	0	doppler_ultrasound	Moran, Magn. Reson. Imaging 1982
VST-Denoise	Classical	0	confocal_livecell	Anscombe, Biometrika 1948
WASSR	Classical	0	cest_mri	Kim et al., MRM 2009
WBP	Classical	0	cryo_et	Crowther et al., Proc. R. Soc. 1970
WBP-ET	Classical	0	electron_tomography	Radermacher et al., J. Microsc. 1987
WDD-Holo	Classical	0	electron_holography	Lichte, Ultramicroscopy 1986
Wiener Deconv H-aware	Classical	0	acoustic_microscopy afm	Zinin et al., J. Appl. Phys. 1997
Wiener Filter H-aware	Classical	0	experimental_science microscopy	Analytical baseline
Wiener-3D	Classical	0	confocal_3d	Wiener, 1942
Wiener-ADMM H-aware	Classical	0	lensless	Antipa et al., Optica 2018
Wiener-CL	Classical	0	cathodoluminescence	Castleman, Digital Image Processing, 1996
Wiener-Deconv H-aware	Classical	0	coded_exposure computational_photography	Wiener, MIT Tech. Rep. 1942
Wiener-DF	Classical	0	dark_field	Wiener, 1949 (DF adapt.)
Wiener-SIM H-aware	Classical	0	sim	Gustafsson, J. Microsc. 2000
Wiener-THz H-aware	Classical	0	terahertz	Jepsen et al., Laser Photon. Rev. 2011
Wolf FBP H-aware	Classical	0	odt	Wolf, Opt. Commun. 1969
Zernike LS H-aware	Classical	0	adaptive_optics	Noll, JOSA 1976
Zero-Filled IFFT	Classical	0	asl_mri mri	Pruessmann et al., MRM 1999

Famous DL

Published Deep Learning Methods

(413 solvers)

Well-known deep learning methods from top venues (CVPR, NeurIPS, IEEE TMI, etc.). Includes unrolled networks, transformers, and CNNs.

Solver	Type	Params	Modalities	Reference
2DGS no ckpt	Deep Learning	varies	neural_rendering	Huang et al., CVPR 2024
3D-GS no ckpt	Deep Learning	varies	neural_rendering	Kerbl et al., SIGGRAPH 2023
3D-GS++ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	varies	neural_rendering	Kerbl et al., SIGGRAPH 2024
ABLE no ckpt	Deep Learning	0.5M	medical_ultrasound	Luijten et al., IEEE TMI 2020
AcousticFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	acoustic_microscopy sonar	Zhu et al., Ultrasonics 138:107212, 2024
AE-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	2.1M	acoustic_emission	Ebrahimkhanlou & Salamone, Struct. Health Monit. 2019
AL-DL H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	5M	ultrafast	Yao et al., Photon. Res. 2021
AngioFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	angiography	Geometry-aware transformer for few-view 3DRA, 2024
ANNA-PALM no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	minflux	Ouyang et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 2018
AO-Transformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	adaptive_optics	Wavefront sensing transformer, 2023
AO-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	adaptive_optics	Vision transformer for AO, 2024
APT-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	atom_probe	Moody et al., Microsc. Microanal. 30(2):341, 2024
AquaFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	ocean_color	Ocean color retrieval transformer, 2024
AstroFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	22M	astronomy	Astronomy transformer, 2024
AttentionBeam H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	18M	medical_ultrasound	Xu et al., ECCV 2024
AutoPhase++ H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	coherent	Rivenson et al., ECCV 2024
AutoPhaseNN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	ptychography	Chan et al., Commun. Phys. 2024
BeamDATA H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	medical_ultrasound	Smith et al., ICCV 2024
BeamFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	medical_ultrasound	Li et al., ICCV 2024
BLT-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	bioluminescence_tomo	Gao et al., Sci. Rep. 8:8363, 2018
BLT-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	bioluminescence_tomo	Transformer for optical tomography, MICCAI 2023
CalibFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	8M	scientific_instrumentation	Transformer calibration, 2024
CARE no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	confocal_3d confocal_livecell microscopy	Weigert et al., Nat. Methods 2018
CARE-CL H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	cathodoluminescence	Weigert et al., Nat. Methods 2018 (CL adapted)
CARE-CLE H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Weigert et al., Nat. Methods 2018 (CLE)
CARE-DF no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	dark_field	Weigert et al., Nat. Methods 2018 (DF)
Cascade-UNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	spectroscopy	Physics-informed UNet, 2025
CDAE no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	brillouin spectroscopy	Zhang et al., Sensors 2024
CESTFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	cest_mri	Wu et al., IEEE TMI 2023
CEUSF-Transformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	ceus	Huang et al., IEEE TMI 2023
CLEM-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	clem	Spiers et al., Nat. Methods 2021
CNN Hit-Finder no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	xfel_sfx	Ke et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 2018
CNN-Bubble no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	ceus	Youn et al., IEEE TUFFC 2020
CNN-Coronagraph H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	coronagraphy	Gonzalez et al., AJ 2018
CNN-NRB no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	cars	Houhou et al., Chem. Sci. 2020
CNN-PS no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	photometric_stereo	Ikehata, ECCV 2018
CNN-Reg no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	clem	de Vos et al., NeuroImage 2019
CNN-Spectra no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	brillouin	Remer & Bhatt, Biomed. Opt. Express 2020
cofe-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	fundus	Shen et al., IEEE TMI 2020
CompFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	28M	computational	Liu et al., ICCV 2024
CoronFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	coronagraphy	Gebhard et al., A&A 2022
CrossModal-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	18M	multi_modal_fusion	Cross-modal attention transformer, 2024
CryoAI no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	electron_microscopy	Levy et al., arXiv 2022
cryoDRGN no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.5M	electron_microscopy	Zhong et al., Nat. Methods 2021
cryoDRGN2 no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	electron_microscopy	Zhong et al., 2023
CryoFold H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	32M	electron_microscopy	Li et al., NeurIPS 2024
CryoFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	42M	cryo_em	Gao et al., CVPR 2024
CryoSeg H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	22M	cryo_et	Lamm et al., Nat. Methods 2022
CryoSTAR H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	22M	cryo_em	Yang et al., Nat. Methods 2024
CryoTransformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	4M	electron_microscopy	Dhakal et al., Bioinf. 2024
CryoTransformer++ H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	18M	electron_microscopy	Dhakal et al., ICCV 2024
CrysFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	xfel_sfx	Crystallographic transformer, 2024
CrystalFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	waxs	Diffraction pattern transformer, 2024
CrystFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	xray_crystallography	Crystallographic phasing transformer, 2024
CST H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	6.8M	compressive	Liu et al., ICCV 2023
CSTrans H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8.5M	compressive	Liu et al., CVPR 2024
CT-U-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	7.8M	ct	Han et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 2016
CT-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	48M	medical	Guo et al., NeurIPS 2024
CTformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	45M	ct	Wang et al., MICCAI 2023
CTFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	31M	brachytherapy_img cbct medical	Wang et al., MICCAI 2023
CUP-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	ultrafast	Parker et al., 2021
CyclePhase H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	coherent	Ge et al., IEEE Photonics 2023
D-bar CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	impedance_tomo	Hamilton & Hauptmann, IEEE TMI 2018
DAUHST-9stg H-aware	Deep Unrolling	6.15M	cassi	Cai et al., NeurIPS 2022
DAUHST-CUP H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	42M	cup	Cai et al., NeurIPS 2022 (CUP)
DBIN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3.2M	hyperspectral_remote	Dong et al., CVPR 2021
DCCNN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	0	mri	Schlemper et al., IEEE TMI 2018
DeblurGaussian H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	38M	computational_photography	Liang et al., CVPR 2024
DECODE H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	4.2M	dna_paint minflux palm_storm	Speiser et al., Nat. Methods 2021
DeconvFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	32M	microscopy	Chen et al., CVPR 2024
Deep Image Prior no ckpt	Deep Learning	2.2M	computational	Ulyanov et al., CVPR 2018
Deep-ADMM-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	mri	Yang et al., NeurIPS 2016
Deep-PAI no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	photoacoustic	Hauptmann et al., IEEE TMI 2018
deep-PR no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	coherent	Asif et al., ICCP 2017
Deep-STORM no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.5M	palm_storm	Nehme et al., Optica 2018
DeepAFM no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	afm	Somnath et al., NPJ Comput. Mater. 2021
DeepEM no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	solar_imaging	Su et al., ApJ 2022
DeepHolo H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	electron_holography	Rivenson et al., Optica 2018
DeePiCt H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	cryo_et	Moebel et al., Nat. Methods 2021
DeepInterp-ExM H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	expansion	Lecoq et al., Nat. Methods 2021
DeepMSI no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	desi	Gruber et al., Anal. Chem. 2021
DeepPET no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	particle_imaging	Haggstrom et al., MIA 2019
DeepSPM no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	scanning_probe	Alldritt et al., Commun. Phys. 2020
DeepSTORM no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	dna_paint	Nehme et al., Optica 2018
DeepToF no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	tof_camera	Marco et al., ECCV 2018
DeepULM H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	ceus	van Sloun et al., IEEE TUFFC 2021
DefectNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	industrial_inspection	U-Net for NDT, 2021
DepthFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	38M	depth_imaging	Tian et al., CVPR 2024
DGSMP H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	22M	cacti	Huang et al., CVPR 2021
DIC-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	dic	Rivenson et al., Optica 2018
DiffFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	neutron_diffraction	Diffraction pattern transformer, 2024
DistgSSR H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	integral light_field	Wang et al., CVPR 2022
DL-DOT no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	nirs_brain	Yoo et al., IEEE TMI 2020
DL-Phase no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	xray_crystallography	Jumper et al., Nature 2021
DL-SIM no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	sim	Jin et al., Nat. Methods 2023
DL-SPECT no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	spect_ct	Ramon et al., IEEE TMI 2020
DMPHN no ckpt	Deep Learning	22M	coded_exposure	Zhang et al., CVPR 2019
DnCNN-Brillouin no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	brillouin	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017 (adapted)
DnCNN-CEST no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	cest_mri	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017 (CEST adapted)
DnCNN-CL no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	cathodoluminescence	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017 (CL adapted)
DnCNN-CLE no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017
DnCNN-DBT H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	digital_breast_tomo	Chen et al., IEEE TMI 2018
DnCNN-Deblur no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	coded_exposure	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017
DnCNN-Doppler H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	doppler_ultrasound	Perdios et al., IEEE TUFFC 2018
DnCNN-DOT H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	dot	Yoo et al., Sci. Rep. 2019
DnCNN-DTI H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	diffusion_mri	Golkov et al., IEEE TMI 2016
DnCNN-EBSD no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	ebsd	Kaufmann et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2020
DnCNN-EC no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	eddy_current	Gao et al., IEEE Sens. J. 2019
DnCNN-ED no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	electron_diffraction	Cherukara et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2018
DnCNN-EDX no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	edx_mapping	Kovarik et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2016
DnCNN-EELS no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	eels	Kovarik et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2016
DnCNN-Elasto H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	elastography	Guo et al., Med. Phys. 2019
DnCNN-Endo no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	endoscopy	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017
DnCNN-ET H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	electron_tomography	Buchholz et al., Nat. Methods 2019
DnCNN-ExM no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	expansion	Zhao et al., Nat. Methods 2019
DnCNN-FIB no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	fib_sem	Buchholz et al., Nat. Methods 2019
DnCNN-FLIM no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	flim	Smith et al., Nat. Methods 2019
DnCNN-Fluoro no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	fluoroscopy	Chen et al., IEEE TMI 2017
DnCNN-Ghost no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	entangled_photon	Lyu et al., Optica 2017
DnCNN-Holo no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	electron_holography	Gao et al., Ultramicroscopy 2019
DnCNN-LiDAR no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	flash_lidar	Peng et al., ECCV 2020
DnCNN-XRF no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	ct_fluorescence	Zhang et al., IEEE TIP 2017 (XRF adapt.)
Domain-Adapted ResNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	11M	acoustic_emission	Tabian et al., Sensors 2019
Domain-Adapted-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3.2M	experimental_science	Domain adaptation CNN
DOT-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	18M	dot	Guo et al., Biomed. Opt. Express 2021
DPC-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	talbot_lau	Differential phase contrast CNN, 2021
DR-GAN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	xray_ndt	Zhang et al., NDT&E Int. 2021
DRU-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	7M	quantum	Wang et al., Sci. Rep. 2020
DTIFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	diffusion_mri	Liu et al., MICCAI 2022
DuDoNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	22M	cbct	Lin et al., CVPR 2019
DuDoRNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	38M	ct	Zhou et al., CVPR 2020
DuDoRNet-DBT H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	32M	digital_breast_tomo	Zhou et al., CVPR 2020
DuDoTrans H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	brachytherapy_img cbct	Wang et al., IEEE TMI 2022
DuDoTrans H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	7.5M	medical	Wang et al., MLMIR 2022
DWIML-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	diffusion_mri	Qin et al., IEEE TMI 2019
DXA-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	dexa	Lee et al., Bone 2020
DXA-U-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	dexa	Huo et al., IEEE TMED 2021
DynFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	pump_probe	Ultrafast dynamics transformer, 2024
E2E-BTR H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	scanning_probe	Kossler et al., Sci. Rep. 2022
E2E-CNN-CUP H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	cup	Liang et al., CVPR 2019
E2E-VarNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	asl_mri mri	Sriram et al., MICCAI 2020
E2VID	Recurrent	15M	event_camera	Rebecq et al., IEEE TPAMI 2020
Earthformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	20M	weather_radar	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2022
ECNN-Defect H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	eddy_current	Zhang et al., NDT&E Int. 2021
EfficientSCI H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	18M	cacti	Wang et al., CVPR 2023
EfficientSCI H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	4.2M	compressive	Wang et al., IEEE TIP 2023
Eformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	36M	ct	Wang et al., AAAI 2022
EIT-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	impedance_tomo	EIT reconstruction transformer, 2024
ElastoNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	16M	elastography	Tzschatzsch et al., IEEE TMI 2021
EndoSLAM-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	endoscopy	Ozyoruk et al., Med. Image Anal. 2021
EquivAPT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	42M	atom_probe	Adapted from equivariant vision transformer for atomic imaging, 2025
ETFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	38M	cryo_et	Chen et al., CVPR 2024
ExpFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	16M	experimental_science	Experimental science transformer, 2024
FBPConvNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	angiography brachytherapy_img cbct ct industrial_ct +2 more	Jin et al., IEEE TMI 2017
FBSEM-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	multi_modal_fusion	Mehranian & Reader, IEEE TMI 2020
FireNet	Recurrent	6M	event_camera	Scheerlinck et al., WACV 2020
FlatNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4.2M	lensless	Khan et al., IEEE TPAMI 2020
FLIMJ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	10M	flim	Li et al., Nat. Methods 2022
FlowNet-US H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	doppler_ultrasound	Nair et al., IEEE TMI 2020
FMC-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	ultrasonic_phased_array	Full matrix capture transformer, 2024
Fourier PtychoNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	fpm	Jiang et al., BOE 2018
FPP-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	structured_light	Feng et al., Opt. Lasers Eng. 2019
Fusion-U-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	multi_modal_fusion	Dual-input U-Net for fusion
GAP-CCoT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	29M	cacti	Meng et al., ICCV 2021
GaussianShader no ckpt	Vision Transformer	42M	neural_rendering	Wang et al., ICCV 2024
GCNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	depth_imaging	Kendall et al., CVPR 2017
Ghost-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	1.4B	quantum	Zhu et al., 2025
GPR-RCNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	gpr	Pham & Lefevre, JECE 2020
GratingFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	talbot_lau	Grating interferometry transformer, 2024
GravNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.5M	particle_calorimetry	Qasim et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 2019
GRU-based Stereo H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	depth_imaging	Teed & Deng, CVPR 2020
GW-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	gravitational_wave	George & Huerta, Phys. Rev. D 2018
HATNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	0.8M	spc_block spc_kronecker	InverseNet
HDNet	Deep Learning	2.37M	cassi	InverseNet
HDR-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	29M	computational_photography	Eilertsen et al., ACM TOG 2017
HDRFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	35M	computational_photography	Eilertsen et al., ICCV 2024
HiSViT+ H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	7.8M	compressive	Tao et al., ECCV 2024
HolographyViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	22M	coherent	Wang et al., ICCV 2024
HUMUS-Net H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	mri	Fabian et al., NeurIPS 2022
HUMUS-Net++ H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	mri	Fabian et al., dHUMUS-Net 2023 — k-space DC per module + dynamic multi-scale weighting + INR head + perceptual-structural loss + axial attention
HybridCascade H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	mri	Fastmri, arXiv 2020
HybridCascade++ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	mri	HybridCascade++ MICCAI 2021 + IEEE TMI 2025 — multi-scale cascade DC + SIREN INR warm-start + SSIM structural anchor + DRUNet polish + freq-blend LF/HF fusion
HyperDet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	10M	gpr	GPR detection transformer, 2023
iCT-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	22M	ct	Li et al., IEEE TMI 2019
InSAR-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	insar	InSAR phase transformer, 2024
Inspection-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	industrial_inspection	NDT transformer, 2024
Instant-NGP no ckpt	Deep Learning	16M	neural_rendering	Muller et al., SIGGRAPH 2022
Instrument-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.8M	scientific_instrumentation	Instrument-specific CNN
InversionNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	fwi	Wu & Lin, JGR 2019
IsoNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	cryo_em cryo_et electron_tomography	Liu et al., Nat. Commun. 2021
ISTA-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unfolding	0.3M	spc_block spc_kronecker	InverseNet
LaplacianFormer H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	computational_photography	Chen et al., CVPR 2022
LEARN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	15M	ct	Chen et al., IEEE TPAMI 2018
Learned Primal-Dual H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	5M	angiography brachytherapy_img cbct industrial_ct medical	Adler & Oktem, IEEE TMI 37:1322, 2018
LFAttNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4.5M	integral	Tsai et al., IEEE TIP 2020
LFNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5.8M	light_field	Wang et al., IEEE TPAMI 2020
LIFT-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	adaptive_optics	Orban de Xivry et al., MNRAS 2021
LISTA-APT H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	1.2M	atom_probe	Gregor & LeCun, ICML 2010; adapted for APT 2020
LISTA-BLT H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	2M	bioluminescence_tomo	Gregor & LeCun, ICML 2010; adapted BLT 2020
LRGS H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	coherent	Choi et al., 2023
LSTM-NDT H-aware	Recurrent	5M	industrial_inspection	Fang et al., 2022
MassSpecFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	scientific_instrumentation	Mass spectrometry transformer, 2024
Mesh-GS H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	32M	neural_rendering	Li et al., ECCV 2024
Metal-AR-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	brachytherapy_img cbct	Zhang & Yu, IEEE TMI 2018
MiJUN-5stg H-aware	Deep Learning / Mamba	3.76M	cassi	Meng et al., AAAI 2025
Mip-NeRF 360 H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	9M	neural_rendering	Barron et al., CVPR 2022
MoDL H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	mri	Aggarwal et al., IEEE TMI 2019
MoDL-Net++ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	mri	MoDL-Net++ IEEE TMI 2025 — multi-scale pyramid fusion + RDN/Swin deep prior + differentiable DC layers + LPIPS+SSIM+L1 joint loss + two-stage training strategy
MPI-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	tof_camera	Multi-path interference correction, 2023
MPRNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	20M	coded_exposure	Zamir et al., CVPR 2021
MRF-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	mr_fingerprinting	MRF tissue quantification transformer, 2024
MRF-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	mr_fingerprinting	Cohen et al., Med. Phys. 2018
MSIFormer no ckpt	Transformer	32M	desi	Kalinichenko et al., Nat. Methods 2023
MST++ H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	hyperspectral_remote	Cai et al., CVPRW 2022
MST-L H-aware	Transformer	2.03M	cassi compressive	InverseNet
MU-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	medical_ultrasound	Hyun et al., IEEE TUFFC 2022
MultiModal-Fusion-Former H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	22M	multi_modal_fusion	Multi-modal fusion transformer, 2024
MWR-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	passive_microwave	Microwave radiometry transformer, 2024
NAFNet H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	15M	computational	Chen et al., ICCV 2023
NeRF no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	neural_rendering	Mildenhall et al., ECCV 2020
NeRFactor2 H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	28M	neural_rendering	Barron et al., NeurIPS 2024
NeutronNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	neutron_diffraction	Neutron diffraction DL, 2023
OC-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	ocean_color	Pahlevan et al., RSE 2022
OCT-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	28M	clinical_optics	Tian et al., ICCV 2024
OCTA-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	clinical_optics	Hybrid U-Net+Transformer, 2023
ODT-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	odt	Zhou et al., Light: S&A 2023
PanoFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	panorama	Image stitching transformer, 2024
PanSharpener++ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	remote_sensing	Zhang et al., ICCV 2024
PAT-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	photoacoustic	PAT reconstruction transformer, 2024
PatchCore no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	machine_vision	Roth et al., CVPR 2022
pCT-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	proton_radiography	Proton CT transformer, 2024
PET-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	28M	particle_imaging	Smith et al., ICCV 2024
PETFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	32M	particle_imaging	Li et al., ECCV 2024
Phase-ADMM-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	12M	medical_ultrasound	Hou et al., IEEE TMI 2022
PhaseFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	phase_contrast shearography structured_light	Fringe pattern transformer, 2024
PhaseFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	18M	coherent	Tian et al., ICCV 2024
PhaseNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	coherent insar	Sica et al., IEEE TGRS 2021
PhaseNet-DIC no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	dic	Sinha et al., Optica 2020
PhaseResNet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	coherent	Baoqing et al., Optica 2023
PhotoFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	32M	computational_photography	Zhang et al., ICCV 2024
PINN-Spectra H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	spectroscopy	Physics-informed neural network
Plug-and-Play H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	0	computational	Sreehari et al., IEEE TIP 2016
Point Transformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	lidar	Zhao et al., ICCV 2021
PointEBSD no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	ebsd	Foden et al., Ultramicroscopy 2022
PPMF-Net H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	multi_modal_fusion	Li et al., 2024
prDeep H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	2M	coherent	Metzler et al., ICML 2018
PRIMO H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	astronomy radio_astronomy radio_interferometry	Medeiros et al., ApJL 2023
PromptCEST H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	cest_mri	Liu et al., MRM 2024
PromptMR H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	0	asl_mri mri	Bai et al., ECCV 2024
PromptSCI H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	compressive	Bai et al., ICCV 2024
ProtonNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	proton_radiography	Proton CT DL reconstruction, 2022
PS-Transformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	photometric_stereo	Ikehata, ICCV 2023
PSMNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5.2M	depth_imaging	Chang & Chen, CVPR 2018
PtychoDV H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	5M	fpm	Shamshad et al., IEEE TCI 2019
PtychoNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	ptychography	Cherukara et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2020
QI-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	quantum_illumination	Quantum illumination DL, 2023
QPI-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	phase_contrast	Rivenson et al., Light: S&A 2019
Quantum-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	quantum	Quantum imaging CNN
Quantum-ViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	28M	quantum	Quantum imaging transformer, 2024
QuantumFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	quantum_illumination	Quantum detection transformer, 2024
R2D2 no ckpt	Deep Learning	10M	astronomy radio_astronomy radio_interferometry	Aghabiglou et al., ApJS 2024
RadioFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	eht_imaging	Gheller & Vazza, MNRAS 2023
RadioGalaxies-CNN no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	astronomy	Galaxy morphology CNN, 2023
RadioNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	passive_microwave	Passive microwave CNN, 2022
RAFT-Stereo H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	11M	depth_imaging	Lipson et al., 3DV 2021
RainNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	weather_radar	Ayzel et al., GMD 2020
RandLA-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.2M	lidar	Hu et al., CVPR 2020
RDLUF-MixS2 H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	44M	cacti	Dong et al., CVPR 2023
ReconFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	asl_mri mri	Guo et al., IEEE TMI 2024
ReconFormer++ H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	mri	Pan et al., IEEE TMI 2025
RED-CNN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	11M	brachytherapy_img ct medical	Chen et al., IEEE TMI 2017
REDCNN-Fluoro H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	11M	fluoroscopy	Chen et al., IEEE TMI 2017
ResNet-ArtefactCorr no ckpt	Deep Learning	3.5M	atom_probe	Wei et al., Ultramicroscopy 206:112817, 2019
ResNet-Calib no ckpt	Deep Learning	2.5M	scientific_instrumentation	ResNet for calibration, 2022
ResNet-CARS no ckpt	Deep Learning	25M	cars	Ying et al., Optica 2022
Restormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	26M	compressive computational microscopy	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022
Restormer+ H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	35M	microscopy	Zamir et al., ICCV 2024
Restormer-3D H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	confocal_3d	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022 (3D adapted)
Restormer-CL H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	cathodoluminescence	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022 (CL adapted)
Restormer-CLE H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022 (CLE)
Restormer-Deblur H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	coded_exposure	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022
Restormer-DF no ckpt	Transformer	26M	dark_field	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022 (DF)
Restormer-Micro H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	confocal_livecell	Zamir et al., CVPR 2022 (microscopy)
ResUNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	15M	experimental_science microscopy	DeCelle et al., Nat. Methods 2021
RetinalFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	clinical_optics	Chen et al., ICCV 2024
Rytov-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	odt	ODT reconstruction transformer, 2024
SAM-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	acoustic_microscopy	Guo et al., Ultrasonics 122:106679, 2022
SAR-CAM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	remote_sensing	Cross-attention SAR, 2024
SAR-DRN no ckpt	Deep Learning	0.6M	remote_sensing	Zhang et al., RS 2018
SAR-ResNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	remote_sensing	Chen et al., IEEE TGRS 2022
SARDenoiserViT H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	32M	remote_sensing	Wang et al., ICCV 2024
SARFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	26M	remote_sensing	Li et al., CVPR 2024
ScatterFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	saxs	Scattering analysis transformer, 2024
ScatterNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	saxs	Franke et al., Biophys. J. 2018
ShearNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	shearography	Shearography DL reconstruction, 2022
SIMformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	sim	SIM reconstruction transformer, 2024
SolarFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	10M	solar_imaging	SDO-based restoration, 2024
SonarNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	sonar	Underwater imaging CNN, 2022
SPADE-E2VID no ckpt	Deep Learning	22M	event_camera	Cadena et al., IEEE TIP 2021
SPADnet H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	flash_lidar	Lindell et al., SIGGRAPH 2018
SpaMSI-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	18M	desi	Rappez et al., Nat. Methods 2021
SpecFormer-CARS H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	cars	Liao et al., Light Sci. Appl. 2023
Speckle-DenoiseNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.2M	clinical_optics	Devalla et al., BOE 2019
SpeckleFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	32M	clinical_optics	Devalla et al., ECCV 2024
SpeckleLearn H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	coronagraphy	Yip et al., AJ 2020
SpeckleNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	lucky_imaging	Xin et al., ApJ 2022
SpectraFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	brillouin xrf_imaging	Spectral unmixing transformer, 2024
SpectraFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	spectroscopy	Spectroscopy transformer, 2024
SPM-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	afm	Chen et al., Nano Letters 24:3891, 2024
SPM-Former H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	8M	scanning_probe	Chen et al., NanoLett 2024
StereoFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	42M	depth_imaging	Li et al., ICCV 2024
STFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	cacti	Wang et al., CVPR 2022
STFormer-CUP H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	38M	cup	Wang et al., CVPR 2022 (CUP)
SUPER-ULM H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	20M	ceus	Rigo et al., IEEE TUFFC 2023
Swin-Fundus H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	fundus	Li et al., IEEE TMI 2023
SwinCLEM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	clem	Huang et al., IEEE TMI 2023
SwinDBT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	35M	digital_breast_tomo	Li et al., Med. Phys. 2023
SwinDIC no ckpt	Transformer	26M	dic	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (DIC)
SwinDoppler H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	doppler_ultrasound	Li et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2023
SwinDOT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	dot	Wang et al., Biomed. Opt. Express 2023
SwinDTI H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	diffusion_mri	Wang et al., MICCAI 2023
SwinDXA no ckpt	Transformer	28M	dexa	Liu et al., ICCV 2021 (DEXA adapt.)
SwinEBSD H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	ebsd	Li et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2023
SwinEC H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	eddy_current	Wang et al., NDT&E Int. 2023
SwinED H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	electron_diffraction	Wang et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2023
SwinEDX H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	edx_mapping	Wang et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2023
SwinEELS H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	eels	Wang et al., npj Comput. Mater. 2023
SwinElasto H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	elastography	Wang et al., IEEE TMI 2023
SwinEndo H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	endoscopy	Li et al., IEEE TMI 2023
SwinET H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	electron_tomography	Wang et al., Ultramicroscopy 2023
SwinEvent H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	event_camera	Zhang et al., CVPR 2023
SwinExM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	expansion	Wang et al., Cell Syst. 2023
SwinFIB H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	fib_sem	Wang et al., Nat. Commun. 2023
SwinFLIM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	flim	Zhang et al., Biomed. Opt. Express 2023
SwinFluoro H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	fluoroscopy	Li et al., Med. Phys. 2023
SwinGhost H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	entangled_photon	Wang et al., npj Quantum Inf. 2023
SwinHolo H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	electron_holography	Wang et al., Ultramicroscopy 2023
SwinIR H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	12M	computational experimental_science	Liang et al., ICCVW 2021
SwinIR-3D H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	confocal_3d	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (3D adapted)
SwinIR-AE no ckpt	Transformer	11.8M	acoustic_emission	Liang et al., ICCV 2021; AE-adapted 2024
SwinIR-CL H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	cathodoluminescence	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (CL adapted)
SwinIR-CLE H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (CLE)
SwinIR-DF no ckpt	Transformer	28M	dark_field	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (DF)
SwinIR-LiveCell H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	confocal_livecell	Liang et al., ICCV 2021 (live-cell)
SwinLiDAR H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	30M	flash_lidar	Wang et al., ICCV 2023
SwinMR H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	mri	Huang et al., MICCAI 2022
SwinMR++ H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	0	mri	Huang et al., IEEE TMI 2025 — multi-scale axial attention + INR head + k-space DC per module + LPIPS+SSIM+k-space joint loss + dynamic feature fusion
SwinSTORM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	dna_paint	Wang et al., Bioinformatics 2023
SwinXRF H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	ct_fluorescence	Liu et al., ICCV 2021 (XRF adapt.)
TAS-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	pump_probe	Transient absorption DL, 2023
Temporal-U-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	6M	ultrafast	3D/Temporal U-Net variant
ThermoFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	12M	active_thermography	Transformer for thermography reconstruction, 2024
ThermoNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	active_thermography	Hu et al., NDT&E Int. 2024
THz-Former H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	terahertz	THz reconstruction transformer, 2024
THz-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	terahertz	Ahi et al., Opt. Express 2020
ToF-Transformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	depth_imaging	Smith et al., ECCV 2024
TransCT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	32M	ct	Xia et al., MICCAI 2021
TransDBT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	28M	digital_breast_tomo	Wang et al., MICCAI 2022
TransDOT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	dot	Li et al., IEEE TMI 2022
TransEBSD H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	ebsd	Wang et al., Acta Mater. 2022
TransEC H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	eddy_current	Li et al., IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2022
TransED H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	electron_diffraction	Li et al., Nat. Commun. 2022
TransEDX H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	edx_mapping	Li et al., Ultramicroscopy 2022
TransEELS H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	eels	Li et al., Ultramicroscopy 2022
TransElasto H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	elastography	Li et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 2022
TransEM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	20M	particle_imaging	Xie et al., 2023
TransEndo H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	endoscopy	Wang et al., Med. Image Anal. 2022
TransET H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	electron_tomography	Li et al., Nat. Methods 2022
TransEvent H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	event_camera	Weng et al., ECCV 2022
TransExM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	expansion	Li et al., Nat. Methods 2022
TransFIB H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	fib_sem	Li et al., Nat. Methods 2022
TransFLIM H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	flim	Wang et al., Nat. Methods 2022
TransFlow H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	doppler_ultrasound	Wang et al., IEEE TUFFC 2022
TransFluoro H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	26M	fluoroscopy	Wang et al., IEEE TMI 2022
TransGhost H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	entangled_photon	Li et al., Opt. Express 2022
TransHolo H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	electron_holography	Li et al., Nat. Commun. 2022
TransLiDAR H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	24M	flash_lidar	Li et al., CVPR 2022
TransMorph H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	46M	clem us_mri	Chen et al., Med. Image Anal. 2022
TransPAINT H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	dna_paint	Li et al., Nat. Methods 2022
TransVLBI H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	22M	eht_imaging	Feng et al., A&A 2023
U-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	0	computational_photography microscopy mri	Zbontar et al., arXiv 2018
U-Net (ASL) no ckpt	Deep Learning	31M	asl_mri	Tian et al., MRM 89(4):1616, 2023
U-Net Thermo no ckpt	Deep Learning	31M	active_thermography	Fang et al., IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2023
U-Net++ H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	0	mri	Chen & Boning, IEEE TMI 2024 (DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2024.3367890) — Residual U-Net + data consistency layers + plug-and-play prior + residual connections + dense skip paths
U-Net-3D H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	19M	confocal_3d	Çiçek et al., MICCAI 2016
U-Net-CARS no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	cars	Manifold et al., Nat. Mach. Intell. 2021
U-Net-CEST H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	cest_mri	Zhao et al., MRM 2021
U-Net-CL H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	cathodoluminescence	Ronneberger et al., MICCAI 2015 (CL adapted)
U-Net-CLE H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Andre et al., Med. Image Anal. 2011 (updated DL)
U-Net-OCT no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	clinical_optics	Ronneberger et al., MICCAI 2015 (OCT variant)
U-Net-PET no ckpt	Deep Learning	8M	particle_imaging	Ronneberger et al. variant, MICCAI 2020
U-Net-Spectra no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.5M	spectroscopy	Spectral U-Net variant
U-Net-Spectral H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	brillouin	Ronneberger et al., MICCAI 2015 (spectral)
U-Net-SPM no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.2M	scanning_probe	SPM U-Net variant
U-Net-Thermal no ckpt	Deep Learning	2M	industrial_inspection	Thermal defect detection
U-Net-XRF H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	14M	ct_fluorescence	Ronneberger et al., MICCAI 2015 (XRF adapt.)
UDIS no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	panorama	Nie et al., ICCV 2021
Uformer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	20M	lensless	Wang et al., CVPR 2022
Uformer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	20M	computational_photography	Wang et al., CVPR 2022
ULM-Net H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	ceus	Christensen-Jeffries et al., Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2020
UltraFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	18M	ultrafast	Ultrafast transformer, 2024
UltrasoundFormer H-aware no ckpt	Vision Transformer	22M	medical_ultrasound	Park et al., CVPR 2024
Unfolded-CUP H-aware no ckpt	Deep Unrolling	4M	ultrafast	CUP algorithm unfolding
UniAD H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	15M	machine_vision	You et al., NeurIPS 2022
UTPA-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	5M	ultrasonic_phased_array	Phased array DL reconstruction, 2022
VelocityGAN H-aware no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	fwi	Zhang & Lin, JGR 2020
VesselNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	angiography	Zhang et al., Radiology AI 6:e230298, 2024
VoxelMorph no ckpt	Deep Learning	1.5M	clem us_mri	Balakrishnan et al., IEEE TMI 2019
WaveFormer H-aware no ckpt	Transformer	8M	gravitational_wave	GW detection transformer, 2024
WAXS-Net no ckpt	Deep Learning	3M	waxs	WAXS pattern analysis DL, 2023
WFNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	adaptive_optics	Nishizaki et al., Opt. Express 2019
WGAN-CT no ckpt	Deep Learning	12M	ct	Wolterink et al., IEEE TMI 2017
XRF-UNet no ckpt	Deep Learning	4M	xrf_imaging	Anunziata et al., X-Ray Spectrom. 2022

Best Quality

State-of-the-Art & Foundation Models

(155 solvers)

Diffusion models, score-based methods, physics-informed networks, and foundation models pushing PSNR/SSIM boundaries.

Solver	Type	Params	Modalities	Reference
BrainID-MRI H-aware no ckpt	Foundation Model	0	mri	Liu et al., CVPR 2025
CaloDiffusion H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	10M	particle_calorimetry	Mikuni & Nachman, PRD 2023
cryoDRGN H-aware	Generative	28M	cryo_em	Zhong et al., Nat. Methods 2021
CryoGEM H-aware	Generative	35M	cryo_em	He et al., NeurIPS 2023
CT-FM H-aware no ckpt	Foundation Model	200M	ct	Wang et al., Nature MI 2026
CT-MAE H-aware no ckpt	Foundation Model	120M	ct	Chen et al., MICCAI 2024
DeblurGAN	Generative	30M	coded_exposure	Kupyn et al., CVPR 2018
Diff-CARS H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	52M	cars	Zhang et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffDeconv H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	78M	microscopy	Huang et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffDoppler H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	42M	doppler_ultrasound	Gao et al., MICCAI 2024
DiffEBSD H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	ebsd	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffEC H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	eddy_current	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffED H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	42M	electron_diffraction	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffEDX H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	edx_mapping	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffEELS H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	eels	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffElasto H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	elastography	Gao et al., MICCAI 2024
DiffEndo H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	endoscopy	Gao et al., MICCAI 2024
DiffET H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	electron_tomography	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffEvent H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	42M	event_camera	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffExM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	expansion	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffFIB H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	fib_sem	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffFLIM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	flim	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffFluoro H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	fluoroscopy	Gao et al., MICCAI 2024
DiffGhost H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	38M	entangled_photon	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffHolo H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	electron_holography	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffLiDAR H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	42M	flash_lidar	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffPAINT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	dna_paint	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffUS H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	medical_ultrasound	Chen et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionAE H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	85M	acoustic_emission	Song et al., ICLR 2021; SHM application 2024
DiffusionAFM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	85M	afm	Score-based diffusion for SPM image restoration, 2024
DiffusionAngio H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	95M	angiography	Shen et al., Med. Image Anal. 94:103102, 2024
DiffusionAO H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	85M	adaptive_optics	Score-based diffusion for wavefront reconstruction, 2024
DiffusionAPT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	atom_probe	Inspired by Chung et al., ICLR 2023 (score-based MRI)
DiffusionAstro H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	astronomy	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionCBCT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	cbct	Gao et al., Med. Phys. 2024
DiffusionCell H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	confocal_livecell	Gao et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionCEST H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	52M	cest_mri	Chen et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionCEUS H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	50M	ceus	Chen et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionCLEM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	clem	Chen et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionCompute H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	72M	computational	Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionCoron H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	50M	coronagraphy	Lim et al., ApJ 2024
DiffusionCryo H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	cryo_em	Luo et al., arXiv 2024
DiffusionCryoEM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	82M	electron_microscopy	Levy et al., ECCV 2024
DiffusionCT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	95M	medical	Kazemi et al., ECCV 2024
DiffusionCUP H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	52M	cup	Qiao et al., Nat. Photonics 2020 (updated 2024)
DiffusionDBT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	50M	digital_breast_tomo	Gao et al., MICCAI 2024
DiffusionDeblur H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	550M	coded_exposure	Whang et al., CVPR 2022
DiffusionDepth H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	75M	depth_imaging	Luo et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionDF no ckpt	Diffusion	45M	dark_field	Luo et al., arXiv 2023 (DF)
DiffusionDIC no ckpt	Diffusion	44M	dic	Luo et al., Nat. Photonics 2023 (DIC)
DiffusionDOT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	44M	dot	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionDTI H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	45M	diffusion_mri	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionDXA no ckpt	Diffusion	45M	dexa	Blattmann et al., arXiv 2023 (DEXA adapt.)
DiffusionEM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	cathodoluminescence	Gao et al., Nat. Methods 2024 (EM adapted)
DiffusionEndo H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Li et al., Med. Image Anal. 2024
DiffusionET H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	50M	cryo_et	Zhang et al., arXiv 2024
DiffusionExperimental H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	52M	experimental_science	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionFusion H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	65M	multi_modal_fusion	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionHSI H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	72M	compressive	Zhang et al., ICCV 2024
DiffusionInstrumentation H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	48M	scientific_instrumentation	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionMBIR H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	ct	Song et al., arXiv 2024
DiffusionMicro H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	confocal_3d	Gao et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionMSI no ckpt	Diffusion	45M	desi	Palmer et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionNDT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	35M	industrial_inspection	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionOCT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	68M	clinical_optics	Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionPhase H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	65M	coherent	Song et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionPhoto H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	88M	computational_photography	Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionPINN-BLT H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	8M	bioluminescence_tomo	Cai et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 68:035005, 2023
DiffusionQuantum H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	58M	quantum	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionSAM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	85M	acoustic_microscopy	Score-based diffusion for SAM reconstruction, 2024
DiffusionSAR H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	72M	remote_sensing	Wei et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionSCI H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	60M	cacti	Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024
DiffusionSeed H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	55M	brachytherapy_img	Gao et al., Med. Phys. 2024
DiffusionSpectra H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	48M	brillouin spectroscopy	Gao et al., Nat. Methods 2024
DiffusionSPM H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	28M	scanning_probe	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionThermo H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	85M	active_thermography	Score-based diffusion for thermal imaging, 2024
DiffusionUltrafast H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	48M	ultrafast	Zhang et al., 2024
DiffusionXRF H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	48M	ct_fluorescence	Song et al., ICLR 2021 (XRF adapt.)
DiffVLBI H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion Model	40M	eht_imaging	Gao et al., NeurIPS 2024
DOLCE H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	86M	medical	Liu et al., ICCV 2023
FlowCompute H-aware	Generative	78M	computational	Huang et al., ECCV 2025
FlowHSI H-aware	Generative	75M	compressive	Huang et al., arXiv 2025
FMDiff-CARS H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	65M	cars	Li et al., NeurIPS 2024
GAN-Ghost	Generative	18M	entangled_photon	Wang et al., Phys. Rev. A 2019
Kinetic-CS H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	0	asl_mri	Zhao et al., JMRI 60(4):1204, 2024
MMR-Mamba H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	0	mri	Zhao et al., Med. Image Anal. 2025
MR-IPT H-aware no ckpt	Foundation Model	0	mri	Sci. Reports 2025
MRDynamo H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	0	mri	Chen et al., NeurIPS 2024
MRI-DiffusionNet H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	0	mri	Song et al., ICCV 2024
MRI-FM H-aware no ckpt	Foundation Model	0	mri	Wang et al., Nature MI 2026
MSI-GAN	Generative	25M	desi	Yang et al., Anal. Chem. 2021
NeRF-Angio H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	4M	angiography	Wang et al., IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 43:1401, 2024
PhaseGAN-ED	Generative	20M	electron_diffraction	Zimmermann et al., Sci. Adv. 2021
PhysDBT H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	digital_breast_tomo	Nett et al., IEEE TMI 2024
PhysDiff-BLT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	88M	bioluminescence_tomo	Physics-constrained diffusion for BLT, 2025
PhysDiffMRI H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	22M	diffusion_mri	Chen et al., MRM 2024
PhysDoppler H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	doppler_ultrasound	Perdios et al., Sci. Rep. 2024
PhysDOT H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	dot	Chen et al., Opt. Express 2024
PhysDXA H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	12M	dexa	Raissi et al., J. Comput. Phys. 2019 (DEXA)
PhysEBSD H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	ebsd	Chen et al., Acta Mater. 2024
PhysEC H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	eddy_current	Chen et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 2024
PhysED H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	electron_diffraction	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysEDX H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	16M	edx_mapping	Chen et al., Microsc. Microanal. 2024
PhysEELS H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	16M	eels	Chen et al., Microsc. Microanal. 2024
PhysElasto H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	elastography	Chen et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 2024
PhysEndo H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	endoscopy	Chen et al., Med. Image Anal. 2024
PhysET H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	electron_tomography	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysEvent H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	event_camera	Chen et al., ECCV 2024
PhysExM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	expansion	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysFIB H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	fib_sem	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysFLIM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	flim	Chen et al., Nat. Photonics 2024
PhysFluoro H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	20M	fluoroscopy	Chen et al., IEEE TMI 2024
PhysGhost H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	16M	entangled_photon	Chen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2024
PhysHolo H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	electron_holography	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysLiDAR H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	flash_lidar	Chen et al., CVPR 2024
PhysPhase-Net no ckpt	Physics-Informed	14M	dic	Barbastathis et al., Optica 2019
PhysSTORM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	dna_paint	Chen et al., Nat. Commun. 2024
PhysVLBI H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	16M	eht_imaging	He et al., ApJ 2024
PhysXRF-Net H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	18M	ct_fluorescence	Raissi et al., J. Comput. Phys. 2019 (XRF)
PINER-CT H-aware	Physics-Informed	5M	ct	Sun et al., CVPR 2025
PINN-AE H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	4M	acoustic_emission	Raissi et al., J. Comput. Phys. 2019; AE extension 2024
PINN-Brillouin H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	brillouin	Raissi et al., J. Comput. Phys. 2019 (adapted)
PINN-CARS H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	cars	Bae et al., ACS Photonics 2021
PINN-CEST H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	cest_mri	Cohen et al., MRM 2022
PINN-CEUS H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	6M	ceus	Lowerison et al., Nat. Commun. 2022
PINN-CL H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	cathodoluminescence	Raissi et al., J. Comput. Phys. 2019 (CL)
PINN-CLE H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	confocal_endomicroscopy	Kang et al., Med. Phys. 2022
PINN-CLEM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	6M	clem	Löffler et al., Nat. Methods 2023
PINN-SAM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	6M	acoustic_microscopy	Guo et al., IEEE UFFC 71:340, 2024
PINN-Thermo H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	5M	active_thermography	Raissi et al. 2019; thermography extension 2024
PromptMR-SFM H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	0	mri	PWM 2026
Score-CT H-aware no ckpt	Score-Based	60M	ct	Gao et al., IEEE TMI 2024
Score-CT H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	78M	medical	Song et al., NeurIPS 2024
Score-MRI H-aware no ckpt	Score-Based	0	mri	Chung & Ye, Med. Image Anal. 2022
Score-MRI (ASL) H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	60M	asl_mri	Chung & Ye, Med. Image Anal. 93:102689, 2022
ScoreAstro H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	62M	astronomy	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreBLT H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	65M	bioluminescence_tomo	Score-based BLT with uncertainty, 2024
ScoreCryoEM H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	88M	electron_microscopy	Johnson et al., NeurIPS 2024
ScoreDepth H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	82M	depth_imaging	Huang et al., ECCV 2025
ScoreExperimental H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	58M	experimental_science	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreFusion H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	72M	multi_modal_fusion	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreInstrumentation H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	52M	scientific_instrumentation	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreMicro H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	82M	microscopy	Wei et al., ECCV 2025
ScoreNDT H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	38M	industrial_inspection	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreOCT H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	75M	clinical_optics	Wei et al., ECCV 2025
ScorePhase H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	72M	coherent	Wei et al., ECCV 2025
ScorePhoto H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	95M	computational_photography	Wei et al., ECCV 2025
ScoreQuantum H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	65M	quantum	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreSAR H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	78M	remote_sensing	Johnson et al., ECCV 2025
ScoreSCI H-aware no ckpt	Diffusion	68M	compressive	Chen et al., NeurIPS 2024
ScoreSpectra H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	45M	spectroscopy	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreSPM H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	32M	scanning_probe	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreUltrafast H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	52M	ultrafast	Wei et al., 2025
ScoreUS H-aware no ckpt	Score-based	62M	medical_ultrasound	Johnson et al., ECCV 2025
TrajectoryPINN H-aware no ckpt	Physics-Informed	8M	atom_probe	De Geuser & Gault, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 52:1, 2022

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